Kebijakan Pengelolaan Tailing Tambang Terkait Stabilitas Geokimia Pada Tailing Storage Facility (TSF) di Indonesia
Kebijakan Pengelolaan Tailing Tambang Terkait Stabilitas Geokimia Pada Tailing Storage Facility (TSF) di Indonesia
Embedded Files
M. Anshari Akbar
Mahasiswa Program Doktor Prodi Rekayasa Pertambangan, FTTM, Institut Teknologi Bandung
Program Studi Teknik Pertambangan, FTIKOM, Universitas Cordova, Sumbawa Barat
Fadhila Achmadi Rosyid
Program Studi Teknik Pertambangan, FTTM, Institut Teknologi Bandung
Keywords: Tailing, Tailing Storage Facility (TSF), Air Asam Tambang (AAT), Regulasi
ABSTRACT
Kegiatan pertambangan mineral menghasilkan volume limbah padat signifikan berupa tailing, material residu halus yang sering mengandung mineral sulfida dan logam berat. Tanpa pengelolaan yang tepat, tailing berpotensi menimbulkan air asam tambang (AAT) dan pelindian logam berat, menyebabkan pencemaran lingkungan serius pada air tanah dan permukaan, membahayakan kesehatan masyarakat dan ekosistem. Di Indonesia, isu stabilitas geokimia tailing menjadi perhatian krusial, diperparah oleh curah hujan tinggi dan tantangan implementasi pada perusahaan skala kecil-menengah, meskipun kerangka regulasi sudah komprehensif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis regulasi yang berlaku terkait pengelolaan tailing pada Tailing Storage Facility (TSF) di Indonesia, serta mengevaluasi kondisi pengelolaan tailing dari aspek stabilitas geokimia dalam konteks perlindungan kualitas air. Pendekatan kualitatif dengan analisis deskriptif digunakan, mengumpulkan data sekunder dari peraturan perundang-undangan dan literatur ilmiah. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa regulasi di Indonesia telah menyediakan kerangka hukum dan teknis yang cukup komprehensif untuk pengelolaan tailing. Namun, kondisi TSF eksisting menunjukkan tantangan signifikan, terutama pada perusahaan kecil-menengah, dengan banyak yang masih memiliki potensi AAT tinggi, lepasan logam berat melebihi baku mutu, karakterisasi geokimia terbatas, serta kurangnya sistem penutupan dan pemantauan kualitas air yang memadai. Kesimpulannya, pengelolaan tailing di TSF Indonesia diatur oleh regulasi yang lengkap, namun implementasinya masih menghadapi tantangan besar, sehingga penguatan penerapan regulasi dan pengawasan teknis sangat krusial untuk menjamin keberlanjutan pertambangan dan perlindungan lingkungan jangka panjang.
REFERENCES
Australian Government. (2016). Leading practice sustainable development program for the mining industry: tailings management. Department of Industry Innovation and Science - Australia
Beauchemin, S., Clemente, J. S., Thibault, Y., Langley, S., Gregorich, E. G., & Tisch, B. (2018). Geochemical stability of acid-generating pyrrhotite tailings 4 to 5 years after addition of oxygen-consuming organic covers. Science of the Total Environment, 645, 1643–1655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.261
Chen, T., Wen, X. C., Zhang, L. J., Tu, S. C., Zhang, J. H., Sun, R. N., & Yan, B. (2022). The geochemical and mineralogical controls on the release characteristics of potentially toxic elements from lead/zinc (Pb/Zn) mine tailings. Environmental Pollution, 315(October), 120328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120328
Davies, M. (2001). Impounded mine tailings: what are the failures telling us? The Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin, 94(1052), 53–59.
Ernst & Young. (2025). Top 10 Business Risks and Opportunities for Mining and Metals in 2025. EY Global Mining & Metals Report.
Hakim, A. Y. al, Iskandar, I., Septianto, C. P., Suwarman, R., Fajrin, A., & Putri, T. A. (2023). Controls on the mineralogical and geochemical dispersion in soil and water around a tailing storage facility in the epithermal gold–silver mine in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Geochemistry, 83(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2022.125921
Islam, K., & Murakami, S. (2021). Global-scale impact analysis of mine tailings dam failures: 1915–2020. Global Environmental Change, 70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102361
Miller, S. D., Stewart, W. S., Rusdinar, Y., Schumann, R. E., Ciccarelli, J. M., Li, J., & Smart, R. S. C. (2010). Methods for estimation of long-term non-carbonate neutralisation of acid rock drainage. Science of the Total Environment, 408(9), 2129–2135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.01.011
Myers, T. (2016). Acid mine drainage risks - A modeling approach to siting mine facilities in Northern Minnesota, USA. Journal of Hydrology, 533, 277–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.12.020
Pinto, P. X., Al-Abed, S. R., Holder, C., & Reisman, D. J. (2014). Evaluation of metal partitioning and mobility in a sulfidic mine tailing pile under oxic and anoxic conditions. Journal of Environmental Management, 140, 135–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.03.004
Rusdinar, Y. (2006). Long-term acid rock drainage (ARD) management at PT Freeport Indonesia. 7th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage 2006, ICARD - Also Serves as the 23rd Annual Meetings of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation, 2, 1774–1784. https://doi.org/10.21000/jasmr06021774
Rusdinar, Y., Edraki, M., Baumgartl, T., Mulligan, D., & Miller, S. (2013). Long Term Performance of Hydrogeochemical Riverine Mine Tailings Deposition at Freeport Indonesia. Mine Water and the Environment, 32(1), 56–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-012-0212-6
Si, M., Chen, Y., Li, C., Lin, Y., Huang, J., Zhu, F., Tian, S., & Zhao, Q. (2023). Recent Advances and Future Prospects on the Tailing Covering Technology for Oxidation Prevention of Sulfide Tailings. Toxics, 11(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010011
Smart, R. S. C., Miller, S. D., Stewart, W. S., Rusdinar, Y., Schumann, R. E., Kawashima, N., & Li, J. (2010). In situ calcite formation in limestone-saturated water leaching of acid rock waste. Science of the Total Environment, 408(16), 3392–3402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.04.028
Vick, S.G. (2014). The use and abuse of risk analysis, Proceedings of Tailings and Mine Waste 2014 (pp. 49–56), Keystone, Colorado, USA.
Zheng, X., Qiu, S., Zhou, B., Li, Q., & Chen, M. (2024). Leaching of heavy metals from tungsten mining tailings: A case study based on static and kinetic leaching tests. Environmental Pollution, 342(July 2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123055
Zhou, J., Liu, Z., Li, Z., Xie, R., Jiang, X., Cheng, J., Chen, T., & Yang, X. (2025). Heavy metals release in lead-zinc tailings: Effects of weathering and acid rain. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136645
Page updated
Report abuse